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in forma pauperis
''In forma pauperis'' (; IFP or i.f.p.) is a Latin legal term meaning "in the character or manner of a pauper".
==United States==
In the United States, the IFP designation is given by both state and federal courts to someone who is without the funds to pursue the normal costs of a lawsuit or a criminal defense.〔 The status is usually granted by a judge without a hearing, and it entitles the person to a waiver of normal costs, and sometimes in criminal cases the appointment of counsel. While court-imposed costs such as filing fees are waived, the litigant is still responsible for other costs incurred in bringing the action such as deposition and witness fees. However, in federal court, a pauper can obtain free service of process through the United States Marshal's Service.〔Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 4(c)(3)〕
Approximately two-thirds of writ of certiorari petitions to the Supreme Court are filed ''in forma pauperis''. Most of those petitioners are prisoners.〔 Statistically, petitions that appear on the Supreme Court's ''in forma pauperis'' docket are substantially less likely to be granted review than others on the docket.
IFP status is usually granted in connection to ''pro se'' petitioners, but the two concepts are separate and distinct.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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